Number 3

In this study, the impact of photovoltaic generation on electricity prices and net consumer benefits is evaluated by accounting for the cost of a feed-in tariff system. A structural model is utilized to estimate electricity prices in a counterfactual scenario in which photovoltaics are not generated, and the results are compared with actual prices to evaluate the consumer economic benefits of photovoltaic adoption. To quantitatively estimate the consumer economic benefit, an empirical analysis is performed by using the data on electricity prices, electricity demand, and photovoltaic generation in Japan. The results indicate positive consumer economic benefits owing to the adoption of photovoltaics in recent years, particularly during the summer, which confirms the theoretical prediction that the net economic benefits from photovoltaics increase with increasing electricity demand and difference between photovoltaic generation and the demand. These results offer practical insight for implementing policies that balance renewable energy expansion with economic feasibility. By applying the insights on consumer economic benefits, policymakers could more accurately adjust the feed-in tariff to balance the cost of photovoltaic installation with the consumer burden.